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1 Institute for Environmental Medicine and Departments of 2 Medicine and 3 Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6068
Extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species attack different targets and may, therefore, result in different forms of oxidative stress. To specifically study an oxidative stress induced by a regulated intracellular flux of a defined reactive oxygen species in endothelium, we used immunotargeting of the H2O2-generating enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) conjugated with an antibody to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, an endothelial surface antigen. Anti-PECAM-125I-GOX conjugates specifically bind to both endothelial and PECAM-transfected cells. Approximately 70% of cell-bound anti-PECAM-125I-GOX was internalized. The cell-bound conjugate was enzymatically active and generated H2O2 from glucose. Use of the fluorescent dye dihydrorhodamine 123 revealed that 70% of H2O2 was generated intracellularly, whereas 30% of H2O2 was detected in the cell medium. Catalase added to the cells eliminated H2O2 in the medium but had little effect on the intracellular generation of H2O2 by anti-PECAM-GOX. Both H2O2 added exogenously to the cell medium (extracellular H2O2) and that generated by anti-PECAM-GOX caused oxidative stress manifested by time- and dose-dependent irreversible plasma membrane damage. Inactivation of cellular catalase by aminotriazole treatment augmented damage caused by either extracellular H2O2 or anti-PECAM-GOX. Catalase added to the medium protected either normal or aminotriazole-treated cells against extracellular H2O2, yet failed to protect cells against injury induced by anti-PECAM-GOX. Therefore, treatment of PECAM-positive cells with anti-PECAM-GOX leads to conjugate internalization, predominantly intracellular H2O2 generation and intracellular oxidative stress. These results indicate that anti-PECAM-GOX 1) provides cell-specific intracellular delivery of an active enzyme and 2) causes intracellular oxidative stress in PECAM-positive cells.
hydrogen peroxide; drug delivery; bioconjugation; CD31; platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1
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