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1 Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and 2 Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
We have previously reported that interleukin
(IL)-1
causes
-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in
cultured human airway smooth muscle cells by increasing
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostanoid formation. The
purpose of this study was to determine whether extracellular
signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are involved in these events. Levels of
phosphorylated ERK (p42 and p44) increased 8.3- and 13-fold,
respectively, 15 min after treatment with IL-1
(20 ng/ml) alone.
Pretreating cells with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
inhibitor PD-98059 or U-126 (2 h before IL-1
treatment) decreased
ERK phosphorylation. IL-1
(20 ng/ml for 22 h) alone caused a marked
induction of COX-2 and increased basal
PGE2 release 28-fold
(P < 0.001). PD-98059 (100 µM) and U-126 (10 µM) each decreased COX-2 expression when administered before IL-1
treatment. In control cells, PD-98059 and U-126 had no
effect on basal or arachidonic acid (AA; 10 µM)-stimulated PGE2 release, but both inhibitors
caused a significant decrease in bradykinin (BK; 1 µM)-stimulated
PGE2 release, consistent with a
role for ERK in the activation of phospholipase
A2 by BK. In IL-1
-treated
cells, prior administration of PD-98059 caused 81, 92 and 40%
decreases in basal and BK- and AA-stimulated
PGE2 release, respectively
(P < 0.01), whereas administration
of PD-98059 20 h after IL-1
resulted in only 38 and 43% decreases
in basal and BK-stimulated PGE2
release, respectively (P < 0.02) and
had no effect on AA-stimulated
PGE2 release. IL-1
attenuated
isoproterenol-induced decreases in human airway smooth muscle stiffness
as measured by magnetic twisting cytometry, and PD-98059 or U-126
abolished this effect in a concentration-dependent manner. These
results are consistent with the hypothesis that ERKs are involved early in the signal transduction pathway through which IL-1
induces PGE2 synthesis and
-adrenergic
hyporesponsiveness and that ERKs act by inducing COX-2 and activating
phospholipase A2.
extracellular signal-regulated kinase; mitogen-activated protein; interleukin-1
; prostaglandin
E2;
-adrenergic responses; PD-98059; U-126; magnetic twisting cytometry; cyclooxygenase
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