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and thrombin
in increasing endothelial permeability
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Because activation of the
coagulation cascade and the generation of thrombin coexist with sepsis
and the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
, we determined the
effects of TNF-
on the mechanism of thrombin-induced increase in
endothelial permeability. We assessed Ca2+ signaling in
human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In human umbilical vein
endothelial cells exposed to TNF-
for 2 h, thrombin produced a
rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration
([Ca2+]i) lasting up to 10 min. In contrast,
thrombin alone produced a rise in [Ca2+]i
lasting for 3 min, whereas TNF-
alone had no effect on
[Ca2+]i. Thrombin-induced inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate generation was not different between control and
TNF-
-exposed cells. In the absence of extracellular
Ca2+, thrombin produced similar increases in
[Ca2+]i in both control and TNF-
-exposed
cells. In TNF-
-exposed cells, the thrombin-induced Ca2+
influx after intracellular Ca2+ store depletion was
significantly greater and prolonged compared with control cells.
Increased Ca2+ entry was associated with an approximately
fourfold increase in Src activity and was sensitive to the
Src kinase inhibitor PP1. After TNF-
exposure, thrombin
caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of junctional proteins and
actin stress fiber formation as well as augmented endothelial
permeability. These results suggest that TNF-
stimulation of
endothelial cells results in amplification of the
thrombin-induced Ca2+ influx by an
Src-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting loss of
endothelial barrier function.
store-operated calcium influx; Src tyrosine kinase
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