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The effects of PM₁₀ particles and oxidative stress on macrophages and lung epithelial cells: modulating effects of calcium-signaling antagonists

¹School of Life Sciences, Napier University, and ²ELEGI Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Submitted 1 May 2006 ; accepted in final form 3 March 2007

We have previously examined the ability of air pollution particles (PM₁₀) to promote release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and demonstrated a role for calcium as a signaling molecule in this process. We have now studied the ability of oxidative stress induced by a synthetic oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to induce TNF- production via calcium signaling in the mouse macrophage cell line (J774). The oxidant tBHP significantly increased intracellular calcium and the release of TNF- in J774 cells, an effect that was reduced to control levels by inhibition of calcium signaling with verapamil, BAPTA-AM, and W-7. This study also investigated interactions between PM₁₀-treated macrophages and epithelial cells by using conditioned medium (CM) from PM₁₀-treated mononuclear cells to stimulate the release of the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine IL-8 from A549 lung epithelial cells. TNF- protein release was demonstrated in human mononuclear cells after PM₁₀ treatment, an effect that was inhibited by calcium antagonists. Treatment of A549 cells with monocyte/PM₁₀ CM produced increased IL-8 release that was reduced with CM from monocyte/PM₁₀/calcium antagonist treatments. The expression of ICAM-1 was increased after incubation with CM from monocyte/PM₁₀ treatment, and this increase was prevented by treatment with CM from monocyte/PM₁₀/calcium antagonist. These data demonstrate a link between oxidative stress, calcium, and inflammatory mediator production in macrophages and lung epithelial cells.

lung macrophages; cytokines

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