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1 Chemistry Department, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, PA, USA
2 Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
3 Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
4 Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: richard_phipps{at}urmc.rochester.edu.
Cigarette smoking can lead to chronic lung inflammation and lung cancer. Chronic inflammation, associated with expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins, predisposes to malignancy. We recently demonstrated that human lung fibroblasts are activated by cigarette smoke to express COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Little is known about the mechanism whereby smoke activates human lung fibroblasts to produce proinflammatory mediators. Herein, we report the central role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced COX- 2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES) and PGE2 production in human lung fibroblasts. Western blot analysis revealed that primary strains of human lung fibroblasts express AHR and aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein, supporting the possibility that smoke activates lung fibroblasts through this pathway. Experiments were subsequently performed to determine if the AHR was activated by CSE. Immunocytochemistry and EMSA analysis revealed that CSE induced nuclear translocation of the AHR in human lung fibroblasts. CSE decreased protein levels of the AHR, consistent with AHR ligand-induced proteosome-mediated degradation. CSE also induced mPGES-1 and COX-2 protein and increased PGE2 production. Treatment of human fibroblasts with AHR antagonists in the presence of CSE inhibited AHR nuclear translocation as well as COX-2, mPGES-1 and PGE2 production. These data indicate that the AHR pathway plays an important role in cigarette smoke-mediated COX-2 and PG production in human lung fibroblasts and may contribute to tobacco-associated inflammation and lung disease.
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