Migration of airway epithelial cells (AEC) is a necessary component of airway mucosal repair after injury. The cytokine IL-1, present in airway inflammation, has protean effects on constituent cells within the mucosa, but its effects on epithelial repair are not known. We examined migration in differentiated, primary human AEC grown in air-liquid interface culture for up to 3 wk, and in the 16HBE14o- cell line. Wounds were created by mechanical abrasion and followed to closure using digital microscopy. Concurrent treatment with IL-1 up to 10 ng/ml significantly accelerated migration in both primary differentiated cells and in the cell line, but did not accelerate migration in primary, differentiated AEC collected from asthmatic donors. IL-1 treatment did not augment phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases normally activated by mechanical injury, such as hsp27, Erk 1/2, and JNK, and did not elicit phosphorylation of STAT3. However, introduction of a silencing RNA to block the expression of the p65 component of NF-B blocked IL-1β accelerated migration substantially. Our data demonstrate that IL-1 accelerates migration of normal but not asthmatic differentiated AEC by a mechanism that requires activation of the NF-B signaling complex, and suggests a trophic role for this cytokine in airway epithelial repair after injury.