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Cigarette smoke irreversibly modifies glutathione in airway epithelial cells

¹Laboratory of Allergy and Pulmonary Diseases, ²Department of Analytical Biochemistry, ³Department of Pulmonary Diseases, and ⁴Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Submitted 5 March 2007 ; accepted in final form 16 August 2007

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is acknowledged to result in disease development and progression. Cigarette smoke (CS) is known to deplete total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) in the airways. We hypothesized that components in the gaseous phase of CS may irreversibly react with GSH to form GSH derivatives that cannot be reduced (GSX), thereby causing this depletion. To understand this phenomenon, we investigated the effect of CS on GSH metabolism and identified the actual GSX compounds. CS and H₂O₂ (control) deplete reduced GSH in solution [ = –54.1 ± 1.7 µM (P < 0.01) and –39.8 ± 0.9 µM (P < 0.01), respectively]. However, a significant decrease of GSH + GSSG was observed after CS ( = –75.1 ± 7.6 µM, P < 0.01), but not after H₂O₂. Exposure of A549 cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells to CS decreased free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups ( = –64.2 ± 14.6 µM/mg protein, P < 0.05) and irreversibly modified GSH + GSSG ( = –17.7 ± 1.9 µM, P < 0.01) compared with nonexposed cells or H₂O₂ control. Mass spectrometry (MS) showed that GSH was modified to glutathione-aldehyde derivatives. Further MS identification showed that GSH was bound to acrolein and crotonaldehyde and another, yet to be identified, structure. Our data show that CS does not oxidize GSH to GSSG but, rather, reacts to nonreducible glutathione-aldehyde derivatives, thereby depleting the total available GSH pool.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; mass spectrometry; aldehydes; acrolein; crotonaldehyde

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